Kazakhstan channels virtual-asset activity through the Astana International Financial Centre. Inside that perimeter a single authority licenses and supervises the activity, while the national financial-intelligence body sits behind it for reporting. The obligation behind the licence is the same in shape: a named, fit-and-proper compliance officer, a written AML/CFT programme, a documented risk assessment, risk-based customer due diligence, transaction monitoring, sanctions screening, and suspicious-transaction reporting to the national FIU.